France has narrowed its budget deficit, but how does it compare to other EU states? - FRANCE 24 English

Issued on: 29/03/2023 - 05:58

French economists and public auditors alike breathed a sigh of relief as the national statistics agency INSEE on Tuesday published an annual report showing that the country’s 2022 budget deficit dipped below 5% of GDP. Public debt also slightly decreased. Despite these hopeful figures, France still remains one of the most-indebted countries in the EU. 

Pointing to France’s better-than-expected post-pandemic economic performance – thanks to which GDP showed an increase of 2.6% year-on-year in 2022 – Finance Minister Bruno Le Maire congratulated the French economy on bringing the budget deficit down to 4.7%. The government had previously set the target to 5% of GDP. 

French public debt has likewise benefitted from the recovering economy. “The resilience of our economy has allowed us to reduce public debt to 111.6% of GDP and reach our target in public finances”, Le Maire said on Tuesday while underlining his “determination” to rebalance the books. 

In order to do so, the French finance minister has vowed to cut back on public spending by several billion euros.  

“Public spending currently amounts to 57% of national output... I would like to bring this number down to 54% by 2027, close to the European average of 52%”, Le Maire told Franceinfo over two weeks ago. 

Growing public debt 

It's a seemingly difficult undertaking, as the government has spent massively over the past couple of years in an effort to prop up an economy weakened by faltering business during the Covid-19 pandemic and galloping inflation spurred by the ongoing war in Ukraine. 

“Between 2020 and 2023, €300 billion have been injected into the economy”, deputy director of SciencePo University's centre for economic research (OFCE) Mathieu Plane told Le Monde as he pointed to discretionary expenditures decided by the government. 

On top of spending on vaccination campaigns and other sanitary measures during the pandemic, the government has passed several stimulus plans since last year to avoid a looming recession, which include energy bill vouchers, price caps and early revaluations of social benefits to shelter the French population from rising costs of living. 

In addition to previously approved tax cuts, state guaranteed loans and funding of unemployment benefits under President Emmanuel Macron’s 2020 “whatever it takes” slogan, the government has granted subsidies to energy-intensive companies to shield them from increasing production costs.  

While France has narrowly avoided a recession by putting the brakes on inflation, estimated at 5.4% for this year by the Bank of France, public debt has as a result risen from 97.4% of GDP in 2019 to 111.6% or €2.95 trillion in 2022. 

Ranking in the EU 

The figure for public debt might appear shocking at first glance, especially when set against EU fiscal rules outlined in the 1997 Stability and Growth Pact, which stipulate that national debt should not surpass 60% of GDP.  

Budget deficit, meanwhile, should not surpass 3% according to the same guidelines. 

Although France has clearly exceeded EU limits, it is far from alone among its European partners in the euro zone. 

Greece remains the EU member with the highest ratio of 178.2% of government debt to GDP by the end of the third quarter of 2022, the latest data published by Eurostat shows. 

Next comes Italy, with a debt to GDP ratio of 147.3%.  

Portugal comes third at 120.1%, while Spain is fourth at 115.6% followed by France at 113.4%. 

The average national debt to GDP ratio in the euro zone stands at 93%. 

France’s closest EU partner Germany meanwhile has a debt to GDP ratio of only 66.4%, slightly surpassing guidelines.  

Rising interest rates 

Despite a current suspension of EU fiscal rules until 2024 due to heightening economic uncertainty, French financial institutions remain concerned about the high debt ratio. 

“French public debt is not sustainable”, former rapporteur at France’s Court of Auditors and FIPECO association President François Escalle said in a March analysis, pointing to decades of accumulating debt and an increasingly volatile market.  

Governor of the Bank of France François Villeroy de Galhau called for the government to reduce public debt to below 100% of GDP a few months ago as he warned against rising interest rates. 

The European Central Bank (EBC) on March 16 increased interest rate by 50 base points to 3.5%, the sixth consecutive hike since July 2022. 

Meanwhile, French 10-year bonds currently yield around 2.8% after surpassing 3% earlier this year. 

“The annual cost of public debt is the second item on the State budget” right after public spending on education, Montaigne Institute economy and State action director Lisa Thomas-Darbois told AFP. 

Compounded by the fact that one tenth of French public debt is indexed to inflation, public debt interest has cost France around “35€ billion in 2021 and around 50€ in 2022”, Ecalle said.  

Ecalle also noted limitations on the rescue operations by the European Central Bank (ECB) which has intervened several times in the past to bail out debt-ridden countries such as Greece and Italy, but may not continue to do so for fear of further adding to the financial burden of other EU members. 

The ECB may always be willing to bail out countries such as France, Italy and Spain because they are “too big to fail”, but the ultimate risk is the withdrawal of another EU member unwilling to shoulder the financial burden, he said, adding this might lead to further fractures in the union over the long haul.

Adblock test (Why?)

France has narrowed its budget deficit, but how does it compare to other EU states? - FRANCE 24 English
Read More

Anomalies abound in today's economy. Can artificial intelligence know what's going on? - The Globe and Mail

All the fuss today is about machine learning and ChatGPT. The algorithms associated with them work well if the future is similar to the past. But what if we are at an inflection point in economic and political conditions and the future is different from the past? Will record profit margins, inflated asset prices and low inflation and interest rates of the past 30 years be an accurate reflection of the future? Is this time different?

Maybe we’re already there. Things do not seem to make sense anymore. Have you noticed that economic indicators seem to have stopped working as well and as predictably as they have in the past?

Here are some examples of the puzzling behaviour of economic statistics of recent months.

An inverted yield curve has historically been a good indicator of recessions. For several months now the yield curve has been inverted and yet the U.S. economy has been adding millions of jobs, leading to an historic low unemployment rate. Employment is booming while the economy at large is not.

Consumer sentiment, as reflected in the University of Michigan surveys, and consumer spending have tended historically to move together. But this time around, while consumer sentiment took a nosedive, consumer spending and credit card balances keep growing, reaching record highs.

Construction employment and homebuilder stocks are rising while housing permits and housing starts are falling. Normally, homebuilder stock prices would reflect the collective wisdom of financial markets about housing activity. Not this time.

Bond markets are expecting inflation to recede to the Fed’s target rate of 2 per cent. In this case, the real interest rate, implicit in the 10-year treasuries yield of between 3.5-4 per cent, is 1.5-2 per cent, which is close to historical averages. But prior to the Silicon Valley Bank debacle, some surveys pegged expected inflation to about 3 per cent going forward. Assuming the real rate is the same, this implied a 10-year treasuries yield of between 4.5-5 per cent. Either the bond market was out of line or forecasters’ inflation models do not work as well as in the past.

And oil prices are around US$70 a barrel despite the recent banking crisis and at a time when the economy is slowing down and believed to be entering a recession. Based on past experience at this point in the business cycle oil prices should be at US$50 or less. But they are not. Which begs the question: What will happen to oil prices when the economy enters a growth phase, especially with the opening of China after the COVID-19 lockups?

And the list of puzzling contradictions goes on. Having said that, someone may argue that the labour statistics, for example, are a lagging indicator and show where the economy was, not where it is going. While this is true, the magnitude of divergence between labour statistics and economic activity is so much higher than they’ve been historically. That makes one wonder what is going on.

It could be that many of these puzzling statistics are the result of “survey fatigue,” as Bloomberg Businessweek calls it. The publication reports that there has been a decline in response rates for many surveys government agencies use to collect economic data.

For example, employer response to the Current Employment Statistics survey, according to the publication, which collects payroll and wage data each month, has declined to under 45 per cent by September, 2022, from about 60 per cent at the end of 2019. The issue here is the non-response bias: that people who are not responding to the survey are systematically different from those who do, and this skews results. Could weakening trust in institutions and governments be behind the decline in response rates in recent years? If this is the case, the problem is serious and difficult to reverse or eliminate.

As a result, machine learning algorithms that need massive and good quality data about the past and assume that the future will look pretty much like the past may not work. Then what? Should we re-examine our old models? Or will human intervention always be required? Machine learning will not be able to replace investor insight and “between the lines” reading of nuanced economic numbers.

George Athanassakos is a professor of finance and holds the Ben Graham Chair in Value Investing at the Ivey Business School, University of Western Ontario.

Be smart with your money. Get the latest investing insights delivered right to your inbox three times a week, with the Globe Investor newsletter. Sign up today.

Adblock test (Why?)

Anomalies abound in today's economy. Can artificial intelligence know what's going on? - The Globe and Mail
Read More

Swedish Housing Market Crash Exposes Economic Divisions: Big Take - Bloomberg

[unable to retrieve full-text content]

Swedish Housing Market Crash Exposes Economic Divisions: Big Take  Bloomberg
Swedish Housing Market Crash Exposes Economic Divisions: Big Take - Bloomberg
Read More

In North Carolina, Biden to compare economic plan with GOP's - Financial Post

What to expect from budget 2023 as ‘storm clouds’ gather over Canada’s economy - Global News

Canada’s Liberal government is in a tight spot heading into the 2023 federal budget.

A year of surging prices and rising interest rates has put fresh stress on Canadian households struggling to make ends meet.

Landmark investments in the green transition from the United States have turned up the heat on the Canadian government as it looks to stay competitive with the economic juggernaut south of the border.

And after years of higher spending and a surging recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, storm clouds are gathering in the economy, putting new scrutiny on government coffers.

Read more: Canada’s economy in for a ‘turbulent’ year, associate finance minister says

Chrystia Freeland, the government’s finance minister and deputy prime minister, has pledged that the 2023 budget will include “targeted” support to help vulnerable Canadians but will not “pour fuel on the fire of inflation.”

Can Ottawa thread the needle through the competing pressures and economic uncertainty while still meeting Canadians’ ends?

Here’s what economists think.

Budget planning in a 'challenging time'

The federal budget comes at a “challenging time” for Freeland and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, says Sahir Khan, vice-president at the University of Ottawa’s Institute of Fiscal Studies and Democracy.

Now in their third term of governing, Khan tells Global News that the Liberals’ second budget of their current mandate is set to arrive amid a “change in context.”

He says the Liberals have had the “good fortune” of inheriting large revenue surprises in previous budgets, which has helped the government spend more while staying fiscally sustainable.

But government revenues are set to dry up with the economy slowing, Khan warns, even as spending priorities mount.

Among the pressures facing the government are commitments already made on a new health-care accord with the provinces, defence spending both at home and in Ukraine and the green energy transition.

3:26 Freeland gives detailed outline of funding in proposed health-care plan

“Storm clouds” are gathering for a possible recession on the horizon, Khan notes, and the federal government will feel pressure to “keep some of their powder dry” for emergency spending to resuscitate the economy if the worst-case scenarios come to pass.

Randall Bartlett, senior director of Canadian economics at Desjardins, says that even with the first quarter of the year off to a stronger start than most economists anticipated, the government still finds itself in a bind with uncertainty about how much the economy slows this year.

“It’s a challenging environment to do budget planning overall,” he tells Global News.

How will inflation impact the budget?

A surging economy through the COVID-19 recovery helped push government revenues higher and Ottawa spent much of this money on support for Canadians hit hard by the pandemic.

While those programs have largely wound up, a recent analysis from the Bank of Montreal showed that government spending per capita is still 11.3 per cent higher than in the pre-pandemic era.

Bartlett says that while government revenues generally see a boost amid high inflationary periods, the federal government is about to experience the “insidious” nature of rising price pressures on the downturn.

3:01 Canada’s inflation rate cools to 5.2%

Government spending supports that are indexed to inflation, such as Old Age Security (OAS), are now costing more, just as subsiding inflation and a cooling economy are set to slow government revenue growth, he says.

“We’re going to continue to see those knock-on effects of high inflation on the spending side, even as those tailwinds to revenues start to fade,” Bartlett says.

But Bartlett adds that the government is facing “a lot of political pressure” to continue to spend to support vulnerable households.

Some economists worry that too much direct financial support from the federal government will end up fuelling inflation, as Canadians use their contributions to buy more goods and services and end up stimulating the economy all over again.

More on Canada

Top officials at the Bank of Canada, which has raised its benchmark interest rate aggressively over the past year to cool the economy and tame inflation, have said that letting up on pandemic-era stimulus sooner could have limited inflation.

Read more: Ottawa’s 2023 budget will be closely watched by the Bank of Canada. Why?

In order to avoid driving inflation higher with government support, Ottawa will need to be “well-targeted” in its spending plans, says Lindsay Tedds, associate professor of economics at the University of Calgary.

Rather than sweeping tax cuts, which would lessen the burden on households but could inadvertently spur more spending, Tedds tells Global News that the Liberals could again double the GST credit or top up guaranteed income supplements.

2:01 More students turning to food banks as inflation shrinks already tight budgets

Doing it this way would ensure government spending goes more towards Canadians who need it to make ends meet on the basic necessities, she says.

“We’re talking about just trying to get them through being able to pay rent and buy groceries and things like that. So it doesn’t have an inflationary impact,” she says.

Khan says the government could also “stagger” its promises, with spending ramping up in years three, four and five of its budget horizon. Doing so could allow the Liberals to keep money back to respond to emergencies while also showing Canadians they’re listening to affordability concerns, he says.

Pressure from the U.S. demands action

Economists who spoke to Global News say the federal government is feeling pressure to respond to the U.S.’s Inflation Reduction Act, which rolled out a number of incentives for companies to make investments in the green economy south of the border.

Trending Now

• Huge, deconsecrated Roman Catholic church in N.S. community now up for sale

• Canada is set for its largest alcohol tax increase yet. Here’s what to know

Despite restrictions on the government coffers, the Liberals will need to put a “down payment” on some of the clean energy priorities it has talked about for years, Khan says.

If Ottawa does not roll out its own incentives to compete with the U.S., Canada risks losing jobs and investment from large-scale companies in the green economy, he argues.

“They will suck that capital and those jobs out if we don’t look like we’re doing the same for our industry,” Khan says of the U.S.

“There’s going to have to be something actually quite tangible in this budget. It can’t just all be narrative.”

Read more: Mining and processing critical minerals top Ontario priority ahead of federal budget

Tedds agrees and notes that announcements on measures like carbon capture and storage will be attractive in Alberta.

Ottawa can’t necessarily go toe-to-toe with American capital, however, and Bartlett says the government should focus spending on industries where Canada has a “comparative advantage.”

He highlights critical minerals as one such area where Canada could position itself in the green economy.

‘Champagne taste’ and a ‘beer bottle budget’

Tedds says Canadians should “moderate their expectations” for the upcoming budget.

While it’s possible Canada avoids the worst of the economic downturn, the outlook is “too unpredictable” for the Liberal government to offer significant relief or big-ticket items in this budget, she says.

Tedds notes she’d like to see an overhaul of the employment insurance program to ensure that when and if Canada’s jobless rate starts to rise, the government is ready to support Canadians through the downturn.

“We really should be recession-ready. There are some sectors that are really hurting, tech being one of them. We’ve seen massive layoffs, especially here in Calgary. And so there are people hurting,” she says.

Read more: International charities in Canada fear funding cuts as federal budget looms

Despite all the pressures facing the Liberals in their third term in office, Khan says the Trudeau government will need to demonstrate that it’s still “got some fire in its belly” and can deliver results for Canadians.

“I think this time it’s going to be less about aspiration and more about perspiration,” he says.

As opposed to a newly elected government delivering a budget of change in its first spending plans, the Liberals will have to prove they still have ideas and can make progress on projects that matter to Canadians, Khan says.

He expects the Liberals will devote a fair bit of the budget text to the already announced health-care spending announced in February as a “victory lap” of sorts.

If the government wants to hit every spending priority while maintaining the federal debt-to-GDP ratio — a key fiscal guardrail watched not only by the government but by credit rating agencies and international observers — it may have to find new sources of funding.

9:55 Canadian banks are stable, but ‘something is going to break’ in economy: experts

Bartlett says that with the revenue sources drying up and the Liberals under pressure to maintain their fiscal guardrails, tax hikes could be on the table, likely aimed at corporations or higher-income earners.

Otherwise, he says the Liberals might have “champagne tastes,” but they’re working with a “beer bottle budget.”

“They’re not going to get everything on their wish list,” he says. “And so they need to they need to be mindful of that and exercise some genuine prudence.”

— with files from Global News’ Touria Izri

Adblock test (Why?)

What to expect from budget 2023 as ‘storm clouds’ gather over Canada’s economy - Global News
Read More

What to expect from budget 2023 as ‘storm clouds’ gather over Canada’s economy - Global News

Canada’s Liberal government is in a tight spot heading into the 2023 federal budget.

A year of surging prices and rising interest rates has put fresh stress on Canadian households struggling to make ends meet.

Landmark investments in the green transition from the United States have turned up the heat on the Canadian government as it looks to stay competitive with the economic juggernaut south of the border.

And after years of higher spending and a surging recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic, storm clouds are gathering in the economy, putting new scrutiny on government coffers.

Read more: Canada’s economy in for a ‘turbulent’ year, associate finance minister says

Chrystia Freeland, the government’s finance minister and deputy prime minister, has pledged that the 2023 budget will include “targeted” support to help vulnerable Canadians but will not “pour fuel on the fire of inflation.”

Can Ottawa thread the needle through the competing pressures and economic uncertainty while still meeting Canadians’ ends?

Here’s what economists think.

Budget planning in a 'challenging time'

The federal budget comes at a “challenging time” for Freeland and Prime Minister Justin Trudeau, says Sahir Khan, vice-president at the University of Ottawa’s Institute of Fiscal Studies and Democracy.

Now in their third term of governing, Khan tells Global News that the Liberals’ second budget of their current mandate is set to arrive amid a “change in context.”

He says the Liberals have had the “good fortune” of inheriting large revenue surprises in previous budgets, which has helped the government spend more while staying fiscally sustainable.

But government revenues are set to dry up with the economy slowing, Khan warns, even as spending priorities mount.

Among the pressures facing the government are commitments already made on a new health-care accord with the provinces, defence spending both at home and in Ukraine and the green energy transition.

3:26 Freeland gives detailed outline of funding in proposed health-care plan

“Storm clouds” are gathering for a possible recession on the horizon, Khan notes, and the federal government will feel pressure to “keep some of their powder dry” for emergency spending to resuscitate the economy if the worst-case scenarios come to pass.

Randall Bartlett, senior director of Canadian economics at Desjardins, says that even with the first quarter of the year off to a stronger start than most economists anticipated, the government still finds itself in a bind with uncertainty about how much the economy slows this year.

“It’s a challenging environment to do budget planning overall,” he tells Global News.

How will inflation impact the budget?

A surging economy through the COVID-19 recovery helped push government revenues higher and Ottawa spent much of this money on support for Canadians hit hard by the pandemic.

While those programs have largely wound up, a recent analysis from the Bank of Montreal showed that government spending per capita is still 11.3 per cent higher than in the pre-pandemic era.

Bartlett says that while government revenues generally see a boost amid high inflationary periods, the federal government is about to experience the “insidious” nature of rising price pressures on the downturn.

3:01 Canada’s inflation rate cools to 5.2%

Government spending supports that are indexed to inflation, such as Old Age Security (OAS), are now costing more, just as subsiding inflation and a cooling economy are set to slow government revenue growth, he says.

“We’re going to continue to see those knock-on effects of high inflation on the spending side, even as those tailwinds to revenues start to fade,” Bartlett says.

But Bartlett adds that the government is facing “a lot of political pressure” to continue to spend to support vulnerable households.

Some economists worry that too much direct financial support from the federal government will end up fuelling inflation, as Canadians use their contributions to buy more goods and services and end up stimulating the economy all over again.

More on Canada

Top officials at the Bank of Canada, which has raised its benchmark interest rate aggressively over the past year to cool the economy and tame inflation, have said that letting up on pandemic-era stimulus sooner could have limited inflation.

Read more: Ottawa’s 2023 budget will be closely watched by the Bank of Canada. Why?

In order to avoid driving inflation higher with government support, Ottawa will need to be “well-targeted” in its spending plans, says Lindsay Tedds, associate professor of economics at the University of Calgary.

Rather than sweeping tax cuts, which would lessen the burden on households but could inadvertently spur more spending, Tedds tells Global News that the Liberals could again double the GST credit or top up guaranteed income supplements.

2:01 More students turning to food banks as inflation shrinks already tight budgets

Doing it this way would ensure government spending goes more towards Canadians who need it to make ends meet on the basic necessities, she says.

“We’re talking about just trying to get them through being able to pay rent and buy groceries and things like that. So it doesn’t have an inflationary impact,” she says.

Khan says the government could also “stagger” its promises, with spending ramping up in years three, four and five of its budget horizon. Doing so could allow the Liberals to keep money back to respond to emergencies while also showing Canadians they’re listening to affordability concerns, he says.

Pressure from the U.S. demands action

Economists who spoke to Global News say the federal government is feeling pressure to respond to the U.S.’s Inflation Reduction Act, which rolled out a number of incentives for companies to make investments in the green economy south of the border.

Trending Now

• A closer look at MP Han Dong’s voting record on China

• Huge, deconsecrated Roman Catholic church in N.S. community now up for sale

Despite restrictions on the government coffers, the Liberals will need to put a “down payment” on some of the clean energy priorities it has talked about for years, Khan says.

If Ottawa does not roll out its own incentives to compete with the U.S., Canada risks losing jobs and investment from large-scale companies in the green economy, he argues.

“They will suck that capital and those jobs out if we don’t look like we’re doing the same for our industry,” Khan says of the U.S.

“There’s going to have to be something actually quite tangible in this budget. It can’t just all be narrative.”

Read more: Mining and processing critical minerals top Ontario priority ahead of federal budget

Tedds agrees and notes that announcements on measures like carbon capture and storage will be attractive in Alberta.

Ottawa can’t necessarily go toe-to-toe with American capital, however, and Bartlett says the government should focus spending on industries where Canada has a “comparative advantage.”

He highlights critical minerals as one such area where Canada could position itself in the green economy.

‘Champagne taste’ and a ‘beer bottle budget’

Tedds says Canadians should “moderate their expectations” for the upcoming budget.

While it’s possible Canada avoids the worst of the economic downturn, the outlook is “too unpredictable” for the Liberal government to offer significant relief or big-ticket items in this budget, she says.

Tedds notes she’d like to see an overhaul of the employment insurance program to ensure that when and if Canada’s jobless rate starts to rise, the government is ready to support Canadians through the downturn.

“We really should be recession-ready. There are some sectors that are really hurting, tech being one of them. We’ve seen massive layoffs, especially here in Calgary. And so there are people hurting,” she says.

Read more: International charities in Canada fear funding cuts as federal budget looms

Despite all the pressures facing the Liberals in their third term in office, Khan says the Trudeau government will need to demonstrate that it’s still “got some fire in its belly” and can deliver results for Canadians.

“I think this time it’s going to be less about aspiration and more about perspiration,” he says.

As opposed to a newly elected government delivering a budget of change in its first spending plans, the Liberals will have to prove they still have ideas and can make progress on projects that matter to Canadians, Khan says.

He expects the Liberals will devote a fair bit of the budget text to the already announced health-care spending announced in February as a “victory lap” of sorts.

If the government wants to hit every spending priority while maintaining the federal debt-to-GDP ratio — a key fiscal guardrail watched not only by the government but by credit rating agencies and international observers — it may have to find new sources of funding.

9:55 Canadian banks are stable, but ‘something is going to break’ in economy: experts

Bartlett says that with the revenue sources drying up and the Liberals under pressure to maintain their fiscal guardrails, tax hikes could be on the table, likely aimed at corporations or higher-income earners.

Otherwise, he says the Liberals might have “champagne tastes,” but they’re working with a “beer bottle budget.”

“They’re not going to get everything on their wish list,” he says. “And so they need to they need to be mindful of that and exercise some genuine prudence.”

— with files from Global News’ Touria Izri

Adblock test (Why?)

What to expect from budget 2023 as ‘storm clouds’ gather over Canada’s economy - Global News
Read More

Global Economy Latest - Bloomberg

[unable to retrieve full-text content]

Global Economy Latest  Bloomberg
Global Economy Latest - Bloomberg
Read More